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Second, the terminating dot that appears solitary in its own line is also an easy way for the Gopher client to know that effectively it has received the entire content of the Gopher text document (type zero) or Gopher directory menu (type one). In 1981 Ted Nelson made Xanadu operational, an early hyper text system. Gopher or Web logging organisations offer to them a certain variety of ready made templates and of authoring tools, and from those templates and tools they choose one of their liking, they define some parameters such as colour or text size if permitted by the tools and by the protocol to be used, and begin entering their own text. Thus, reducing the current by a factor of two lowers the energy lost to conductor resistance by a factor of four for any given size of conductor. The skin effect causes the effective resistance to increase at higher AC frequencies. Of course your personal use will effect this as well. Factors that affect resistance and thus loss include temperature, spiraling, and the skin effect. Resistance increases with temperature. Spiraling, which refers to the way stranded conductors spiral about the center, also contributes to increases in conductor resistance.

The optimum size of a conductor for a given voltage and current can be estimated by Kelvin's law for conductor size, which states that size is optimal when the annual cost of energy wasted in resistance is equal to the annual capital charges of providing the conductor. Currents that flow solely in reaction to these properties, (which together with the resistance define the impedance) constitute reactive power flow, which transmits no power to the load. While the price of generating capacity is high, energy demand is variable, making it often cheaper to import needed power than to generate it locally. Joule's first law states that energy losses are proportional to the square of the current. Corona and resistive losses can be estimated using a mathematical model. At higher voltages, where more than 2,000 kV exists between conductor and ground, corona discharge losses are so large that they can offset the lower resistive losses in the line conductors. In general, losses are estimated from the discrepancy between power produced (as reported by power plants) and power sold; the difference constitutes transmission and distribution losses, assuming no utility theft occurs.

In the United States, power transmission is, variously, 230 kV to 500 kV, with less than 230 kV or more than 500 kV as exceptions. At power stations, power is produced at a relatively low voltage between about 2.3 kV and 30 kV, depending on the size of the unit. Power cables are designed for high voltages and high current loads, whereas both voltage and current in a communication cable are small. Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. Higher order phase systems require more than three wires, but deliver little or no benefit. And since conductance is proportional to cross-sectional area, resistive power loss is only reduced proportionally with increasing cross-sectional area, providing a much smaller benefit than the squared reduction provided by multiplying the voltage. Because loads often rise and fall together across large areas, power often comes from distant sources. The slowly varying portion of demand is known as the base load and is generally served by large facilities with constant operating costs, termed firm power. The remaining or peak power demand, is supplied by peaking power plants, which are typically smaller, faster-responding, and higher cost sources, such as combined cycle or combustion turbine plants typically fueled by natural gas.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaics, wind, wave, and tidal, are, due to their intermittency, what is electric cable not considered to be firm. HVDC is necessary for sending energy between unsynchronized grids. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems require relatively costly conversion equipment that may be economically justified for particular projects such as submarine cables and longer distance high capacity point-to-point transmission. UF, or underground feeder cables, are common for running power to a shed or garage, and metal sheathed cables such as BX are common for outdoor use.4. While power loss can also be reduced by increasing the wire's conductance (by increasing its cross-sectional area), larger conductors are heavier and more expensive. Armored conductors must be terminated using suitable cable glands which incorporate a suitably rated Earth tag or other purpose made connection to the armoring of the conductor and to the metallic sheath if present. The combination of Motsognir and Gopherus can be used inside a single computer, or local area network, or wide area network, or UUCP, or Internet itself, but all the participating computers must possess both softwares and have them correctly configured. In Internet proper, exist or have existed various protocols for communication among computers. A really international language fluently spoken by everyone has never existed.