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The hope was that the money would spur Americans to spend on goods and services in America to help revive the economy. A more general trend was for railroads to cut service on lightly used lines and abandon routes that had no hope of recovery. The General Electric Company developed an electric transmission taiwan lnc control system that had the engine drive a generator. In January of 1941, with the technologies of EMC and Winton developed to the point that their products were proving to be of substantial commercial value, the two subsidiaries were consolidated and merged into the General Motors Corporation as the Electro-Motive Division.

But under the surface, the two types of financial institutions couldn't be more different. Aluminum and lightweight high-tensile-strength steel alloys allowed the new cars to weigh as little as 37 tons -- although 50 tons was more customary -- compared with 85 tons or more for conventional, or "heavyweight," cars. Made entirely of aluminum alloy, its three articulated cars weighed less than a single conventional sleeping car and could accommodate 110 passengers.

Pullman built a pair of aluminum observation cars in 1933, and the Milwaukee Road started to build lightweight coaches the next year. New cars and streamlined diesel-electric locomotives transformed the passenger train and established new standards for passenger comfort and amenities.

The solution was to apply the materials and construction techniques used in the motor trains to individual locomotive-hauled cars. Over the next few years, a series of streamlined and air-conditioned motor trains were produced to test and demonstrate these concepts.

First-class "name" trains captured the public imagination. This governmental involvement reflected a shift in public attitudes toward transportation. Prior to the rise of the automobile, it was taken for granted that public transportation would be provided by private companies, and most specifically by the railroads. For the first 50 years of its existence, the steam railroad enjoyed an unchallenged position as the principal form of public transportation. A number of steam railroads tried electric traction during this period.

This helped establish market preeminence and meant that the competitors -- all of them established steam locomotive manufacturers -- were building an obsolete product. This experience allowed EMC to develop a design for full-size passenger locomotives, which were placed into production in 1937, The E-series passenger locomotives dominated the market and pulled most of the pre-war diesel streamliners.

The Zephyr's engine was fueled with diesel oil, which proved to be much superior to distillate and established the pattern for subsequent diesel-electric locomotives.

Winton perfected a practical two-cycle diesel engine light enough for service on a road locomotive by 1932, and these companies experimented with ways of matching diesel engines and electric transmission for mainline purposes. The "New Deal" of President Franklin Roosevelt sought to stabilize the economy in a number of ways. They are joined in this by other executive agencies such as the CIA and Environmental Protection Agency, the heads of which are not part of the Cabinet, but who are under the full authority of the President.

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