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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the evolution of new species and the alteration of the appearance of existing species.

This has been proven by numerous examples such as the stickleback fish species that can be found in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect varieties that have a preference for particular host plants. These typically reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to the basic body plan.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living creatures on Earth is a mystery that has fascinated scientists for centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selectivity is the best-established explanation. This happens when individuals who are better-adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually creates an entirely new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three elements including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity in an animal species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to the offspring of that person, 에볼루션게이밍 which includes both dominant and recessive alleles. Reproduction is the process of creating viable, fertile offspring. This can be done by both asexual or sexual methods.

All of these variables must be in harmony to allow natural selection to take place. For example, if a dominant allele at a gene allows an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele the dominant allele will become more prevalent in the population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will disappear. The process is self-reinforcing, which means that the organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The greater an organism's fitness, measured by its ability reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it can produce. People with good traits, like the long neck of Giraffes, or the bright white patterns on male peacocks are more likely to others to live and reproduce, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is only a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits either through usage or inaction. If a giraffe expands its neck in order to catch prey, and the neck becomes longer, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe becomes unable to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles of one gene are distributed randomly within a population. In the end, one will reach fixation (become so widespread that it is unable to be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. This could lead to an allele that is dominant in extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small population it could result in the complete elimination of the recessive gene. This is known as the bottleneck effect and is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs when an enormous number of individuals move to form a population.

A phenotypic bottleneck may occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an epidemic or a massive hunting event, are condensed in a limited area. The survivors will carry an dominant allele, and will share the same phenotype. This could be caused by a conflict, earthquake, or even a plague. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct group that remains is prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values for 에볼루션 사이트 variations in fitness. They give a famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes, and 에볼루션 코리아 yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift is crucial in the evolution of the species. However, it is not the only method to develop. The primary alternative is a process called natural selection, in which phenotypic variation in an individual is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens asserts that there is a vast difference between treating drift like an actual cause or force, and treating other causes such as migration and selection as forces and causes. He argues that a causal process account of drift allows us to distinguish it from these other forces, and that this distinction is vital. He further argues that drift is both a direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, 에볼루션 which is determined based on population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Students of biology in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is commonly called "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms by the inheritance of traits that result from an organism's natural activities, use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by the image of a giraffe stretching its neck further to reach the higher branches in the trees. This could cause giraffes' longer necks to be passed to their offspring, who would then become taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he presented an innovative concept that completely challenged the conventional wisdom about organic transformation. According to him, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via the gradual progression of events. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case, but his reputation is widely regarded as being the one who gave the subject its first general and thorough treatment.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism fought during the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the development of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues the possibility that acquired traits can be inherited and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the action of environmental factors, including natural selection.

Although Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea, 에볼루션게이밍 it was never an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is partly because it was never scientifically tested.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and, in the age of genomics there is a vast amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is just as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian theory.

Evolution by adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle for survival. This view is inaccurate and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment. This could include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution functions it is important to consider what adaptation is. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living thing to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological structure, like feathers or fur, or a behavioral trait, such as moving into shade in hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

An organism's survival depends on its ability to draw energy from the environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism must have the right genes to generate offspring, and it must be able to find sufficient food and other resources. The organism should also be able to reproduce at an amount that is appropriate for its particular niche.

These factors, together with gene flow and mutation, lead to changes in the ratio of alleles (different types of a gene) in a population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the development of new traits and eventually new species.

Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators and camouflage for hiding. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physical characteristics like large gills and thick fur are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade in hot weather. It is also important to keep in mind that lack of planning does not result in an adaptation. Failure to consider the effects of a behavior even if it seems to be rational, may cause it to be unadaptive.