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Plant cellulose was the raw material for the earliest plastics, and with peak oil looming, it is being looked at again as a base for a new generation of "green" plastics. But most of today's plastics are made of hydrocarbon molecules-packets of carbon and hydrogen-derived from the refining of oil and natural gas. With a little chemical nudging those carbon atoms release one bond, allowing each to reach out and grab the carbon in another ethylene molecule. It's a sociable molecule consisting of four hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms linked in the chemical equivalent of a double handshake. Other elements-typically oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen-frequently join that carbon spine, and the choice and arrangement of those atoms produces specific varieties of polymers. The word comes from the Greek verb plassein, which means "to mold or shape." Plastics have that capacity to be shaped thanks to their structure, those long, What is Billiards flexing chains of atoms or small molecules bonded in a repeating pattern into one gloriously gigantic molecule. There, in the northern part of the island, the Times reported, "upon the reward of a few shillings per head being offered by the authorities, 3,500 pachyderms were dispatched in less than three years by the natives." All told, at least one million pounds of ivory were consumed each year, sparking fears of an ivory shortage.

This New York Times dispatch is more than a hundred and fifty years old, and yet it sounds surprisingly modern: elephants, the paper warned in 1867, were in grave danger of being "numbered with extinct species" because of humans' insatiable demand for the ivory in their tusks. Repeat the process thousands of times and voilà! I want to be kind, but I know I shall get angry if you abuse my Professor. Once you visit Jeddah you get a wholesome view of the Arabic culture along with the most advanced facilities a modern city could have. Today also, this city is providing quality education to students from various parts of the world. The world becomes more and more unpredictable as time goes on. And from the time that humans began using combs instead of their fingers, comb design has scarcely changed, prompting the satirical paper the Onion to publish a piece titled "Comb Technology: Why Is It So Far Behind the Razor and Toothbrush Fields?" The Stone Age craftsman who made the oldest known comb-a small four-toothed number carved from animal bone some eight thousand years ago-would have no trouble knowing what to do with the bright blue plastic version sitting on my bathroom counter.

Setting up in a shack behind his home, he began experimenting with various combinations of solvents and a doughy mixture made of nitric acid and cotton. But in the late nineteenth century, that panoply of possibilities began to fall away with the arrival of a totally new kind of material-celluloid, the first man-made plastic. Ever since, combs generally have been made of one kind of plastic or another. Combs are one of our oldest tools, used by humans across cultures and ages for decoration, detangling, and delousing. But one of the biggest uses was for billiard balls. But even as celebrations were muted for Singapore sports' biggest night, there was still much to cheer about as veteran athletes Peter Gilchrist (cue sports) and Cherie Tan (bowling) took home the Sportsman of the Year and Sportswoman of the Year accolades. In addition, a lag will be bad if any non-object-ball foul occurs other than 6.9 Balls Still Moving. Most automobile "touch up" paints are still made from lacquer because of its fast drying, easy application, and superior adhesion properties - regardless of the material used for the original finish.

Plastics held out the promise of a new material and cultural democracy. The story of the humble comb's makeover is part of the much larger story of how we ourselves have been transformed by plastics. Editor's Note: The following is an excerpt from Susan Freinkel's book, Plastic: A Toxic Love Story. In 1863, so the story goes, a New York billiards supplier ran a newspaper ad offering "a handsome fortune," ten thousand dollars in gold, to anyone who could come up with a suitable alternative for ivory. The hawksbill turtle, that unhappy supplier of the shell used to fashion combs, was becoming scarcer. This is because overall it carries almost exactly zero overall charge. Mr. Cues also features a full bar/menu including daily drink and beer specials, darts (you bring your darts no charge to play)and shuffleboard. For most of history, combs were made of almost any material humans had at hand, including bone, tortoiseshell, ivory, rubber, iron, tin, gold, silver, lead, reeds, wood, glass, porcelain, papier-mâché. On the other hand, this doesn't mean you would be left out to fend for yourself when joining Specialty Merchandise Corporation. Every estate, every mansion had a billiards table, and by the mid-1800s, there was growing concern that there would soon be no more elephants left to keep the game tables stocked with balls.