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That definition, written by Richard Stallman, is still maintained today and states that software is free software if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms. Ahl, David. "David H. Ahl biography from Who's Who in America". Rosen, David (May 16, 2010). "Open-source software is not always freeware". Since public-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work, whether proprietary or free. Programs indirectly connected together may avoid this problem. However, unless the applications' licenses are compatible, combining programs by mixing source code or directly linking binaries is problematic, because of license technicalities. The Kerberos, X11, and Apache software licenses are substantially similar in intent and implementation. Free software business models are usually based on adding value such as customization, accompanying hardware, support, training, integration, or certification. Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Due to their restrictions on distribution, not everyone considers copyleft licenses to be free. The FSF list is not prescriptive: free-software licenses can exist that the FSF has not heard about, or considered important enough to write about.

So it is possible for a license to be free and not in the FSF list. Debian does not publish a list of approved licenses, so its judgments have to be tracked by checking what software they have allowed into their software archives. From the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the software freedoms associated with free software, which was typically public-domain software. Thus, free software means that computer users have the freedom to cooperate with whom they choose, and to control the software they use. Users of these systems generally find the same set of software to be acceptable, but sometimes see copyleft as restrictive. Additions and modifications by others must also be licensed under the same "copyleft" license whenever they are distributed with part of the original licensed product. All open-source licenses must meet the Open Source Definition in order to be officially recognized as open source software. Access to source code is a necessary but insufficient condition, Top 10 programming eBooks for 2024 according to both the Free Software and Open Source definitions. The Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. The first licence was a proprietary software licence.

A report by Standish Group estimates that adoption of free software has caused a drop in revenue to the proprietary software industry by about $60 billion per year. Development of large, commercially used free software is often funded by a combination of user donations, crowdfunding, corporate contributions, and tax money. According to Richard Stallman, user access to the source code makes deploying free software with undesirable hidden spyware functionality far more difficult than for proprietary software. Exceptions exist however, where the user is charged to obtain a copy of the free application itself. However, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License. The FSF recommends the CC0 public domain dedication for this purpose. Trisquel is the most popular FSF endorsed Linux distribution ranked by Distrowatch (over 12 months). Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. He developed a free software definition and the concept of "copyleft", designed to ensure software freedom for all. GNU Project. Free Software Foundation.

To summarize this into a remark distinguishing libre (freedom) software from gratis (zero price) software, the Free Software Foundation says: "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in 'free speech', not as in 'free beer'". Users are thus legally or technically prevented from changing the software, and this results in reliance on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. In 1983, Richard Stallman, one of the original authors of the popular Emacs program and a longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, announced the GNU Project, the purpose of which was to produce a completely non-proprietary Unix-compatible operating system, saying that he had become frustrated with the shift in climate surrounding the computer world and its users. Proprietary software uses restrictive software licences or EULAs and usually does not provide users with the source code. Such an agreement is made separately from the free software license. Since this is incompatible with the spirit of software freedom, many people consider permissive licenses to be less free than copyleft licenses. Proponents of permissive and copyleft licenses disagree on whether software freedom should be viewed as a negative or positive liberty.

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