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A network consists of a single DMX512 controller - which is the master of the network - and one or more slave devices. A start code of 0x00 (hexadecimal zero) is the standard value used for all DMX512 compatible devices, which includes most lighting fixtures and dimmers. As the world quickly moved to IP for both LAN and WAN uses, Apple was faced with maintaining two increasingly outdated code bases on an ever-wider group of machines as well as the introduction of the PowerPC-based machines. The landlocked Swiss confederation which almost completely lacks oil or coal deposits but has plentiful hydropower electrified its network in part in reaction to supply issues during both World Wars. The dispute between the two companies ended on October 26, 2012, when Cablevision reached an agreement with Tribune after Connecticut viewers complained about not seeing the first two games of the 2012 World Series. The first field is given by the superposition of ERROR FLAGS (6-12 dominant/recessive bits) contributed from different stations.

Most serial communications designs send the data bits within each byte least significant bit first. In India, 1,500 V DC was the first electrification system launched in 1925 in Mumbai area. The history of railway electrification dates back to the late 19th century when the first electric tramways were introduced in cities like Berlin, London, and New York City. Railway electrification is the use of electric power for the propulsion of rail transport. The use of any other XLR-style connector is prohibited. 1) The alternate connector shall not be any type of XLR connector. Odd (O) means that the parity bit is set so that the number of 1 bits is odd. A slot's position within the packet determines the device and function to be controlled while its data value specifies the control set point. The data/parity/stop (D/P/S) conventional notation specifies the framing of a serial connection. The advantage is that a serial port needs only one wire to transmit the 8 bits (while a parallel port needs 8). The disadvantage is that it takes 8 times longer to transmit the data than it would if there were 8 wires.

Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the running rails as the return conductor, but some systems use a separate fourth rail for this purpose. CAN bus (ISO 11898-1:2003) originally specified the link layer protocol with only abstract requirements for the physical layer, e.g., asserting the use of a medium with multiple-access at the bit level through the use of dominant and recessive states. The former is normally dealt with by the operating system or device driver; the latter normally by ensuring that control codes are escaped (such as in the Kermit protocol) or omitted by design (such as in ANSI terminal control). Its disadvantage is that it requires more hardware and cabling, and both ends of the connection must support the hardware handshaking protocol used. Electrification cost: electrification requires an entire new infrastructure to be built around the existing tracks at a significant cost. Electrification is seen as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to diesel or steam power and is an important part of many countries' transportation infrastructure. The early electrification of railways used direct current (DC) power systems, which were limited in terms of the distance they could transmit power. Motor cables, as the name suggests, are used wherever a lot of energy (current & voltage) has to be supplied to a consumer, such as motors.

Power is supplied to moving trains with a (nearly) continuous conductor running along the track that usually takes one of two forms: an overhead line, suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings, or a third rail mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding "pickup shoe". Disadvantages of electric traction include: high capital costs that may be uneconomic on lightly trafficked routes, a relative lack of flexibility (since electric trains need third rails or overhead wires), and a vulnerability to power interruptions. Joseph Henry improved it in 1828 by placing several windings of insulated wire around the bar, creating a much more powerful electromagnet which could operate a telegraph through the high resistance of long telegraph wires. Lighting and general purpose receptacles are at 120 volts AC, with larger devices fed by three wire single-phase circuits at 240 volts. Using one wire for each letter of the alphabet, a message could be transmitted by connecting the wire terminals in turn to an electrostatic machine, and observing the deflection of pith balls at the far end.

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